Words and terms related to building stones

 Stone Processing

Changing the shape of extracted and unshaped blocks into semi-finished or finished products is called processing.

maintain

After cutting, a stone surface is usually polished with various tools so that it is perfectly smooth, shiny and polished. If this maintain is done with acidic materials, it is called acidic maintenance, otherwise it is called normal maintaian. Also, if maintaining is done with a tool with the help of a worker, it is called manual maintaining, and otherwise it is called automatic maitaining.

Body

The eroded surface of the stone (and more along the length of the stone) is called the body.

edge or headstone

The smallest dimension of the cut stone is called the edge or the headstone, but in the case of stones whose body is not square, the headstone refers to the longitudinal end surface of the stone.

chamfering

Shaving the sides of the stone at an angle of 45 degrees or another angle is called chamfering. Chamfering may include the entire thickness or a part of it.

half round

A stone whose sides are semi-circular on one side or all around it is called semi-circular. This act is also called wristing.

Egg-shaped or round

It is a stone that has a semicircle on one side or all around it.

Persian cutting

The prepared plaques are usually square or rectangular in shape. If it is necessary to cut the plaque in the form of triangles or polygons and some angles are oblique (non-vertical), they are called Persian cutting.

Fossil

Remains or effects of old animals and plants from geological periods left in the earth’s crust.

Carcass stone

Building stones that are not obtained in the form of quarries or cobbles during mining, usually do not have a specific geometric shape, they are called rubble stones. Carcass stone is used to prepare crushed stone, mosaic stone, infrastructures, filling the gap between stones or preparing cement and sand. Generally, the building stones that are used in the form of mallons or irregular shapes for building foundations, walls and bridge foundations are in the row of rubble stones. Rubble mines depend on the proximity to the city or the place of consumption, the ease of extraction and the thickness of the layer so that suitable and portable parts can be easily extracted from it. Shear carcass, jaw carcass and pot stones are examples of carcass stone.

sheared carcass

In marble mines, due to the limitation of the size of the stone and its high relative value, the large carcasses whose weight is more than about 250 kg and which can be cut in stone-cutting workshops in terms of its geometric shape are called cut carcasses.

jaw carcass

Small carcasses of building stones, which are suitable for crushing and granulation, and their dimensions are usually about 30 cm, are called jaw carcasses.

potted stone

Carcass stones that can be used to prepare ornamental objects are called. This stone has a commercial value in marble mines and some marble mines, and it is used to prepare statues and other objects.

wind stone (Malone)

It is a stone that is completely regularized by ax work, and especially one side of it takes a smooth shape. wind stone is used in tunnel construction, bridge construction, table construction, wall construction in parks, freeways, urban highways, construction of retaining walls, construction of garden and villa walls, park separation walls, etc. One of the major engineering applications of crushed stone and malon, especially in mountainous areas, is the implementation of stone arches, which are used in bridges, gateways, and the lower arch of stone corridors.

 Malon stone is generally hand-crafted and is cut with special stone-masonry hammers in such a way that the appearance of the stone becomes square or rectangular. The back of the mallon is also cut almost in the shape of a cone so that when the mallon is installed on the wall, the mortar can completely surround the carved mallon and the strength of the built wall is increased.

The stone that is considered for the preparation of Malon should be such that it is possible to obtain the necessary blocks from it and at the time of cutting and hammering, a minimum of stone debris is created. Any type of stone that has the above properties, including tuffs, rejolites, limestones, suitable sandstones, etc., can be used for making malon. Due to their abundance in nature, limestone and sedimentary stones are used more than other types of stones in the form of mallons, axes, or windbreakers in the base and arch due to their ease of extraction and deformation compared to igneous rocks.

These types of stones must have special characteristics so that they can be exploited as malon under suitable economic conditions. The most important features are as follows:

1. There are no cleavages, seams and cracks or the seams in the stone have large distances to each other so that blocks can be extracted from such stones whose dimensions are at least a little more than the requested Malon after shaving. The presence of microscopic cracks and joints in the texture or around the rock crystal, which plays an important role in the propagation and expansion of the fracture, in addition to the transmission of waves and the hydraulic permeability of the rock, has a significant effect on the resistance and overshadows its solvability in extraction and processing. The mining conditions should be such that the stones can be extracted in large pieces and in the form of healthy and flawless blocks. Sandstones or limestones with medium layering are suitable stones for separating ideal blocks; Because they are cheaper to mine and mine and produce more regular blocks.

2. Have the necessary resistance (compressive strength of more than 400 kg/cm2).

3. Have the necessary ability to work. This property is very important in terms of being easily cut and shaped into desired shapes, and it has a great impact on the final price of Malon stone. An experienced stonemason can determine this feature in the stone or experience its advantages and disadvantages by carving a few pieces.

4. Suitability of open pit mining conditions, mining without tailings removal, amount of road construction, proximity of the mine to the place of consumption, and manpower are among the other factors that control the economy of a building stone mine.